Positive resist composition and patterning process

ABSTRACT

A positive resist composition is provided comprising a polymer comprising recurring units having a carboxyl or phenolic hydroxyl group substituted with an acid labile group and recurring units of furaneol ester, and having a Mw of 1,000-500,000. The resist composition has a satisfactory effect of suppressing acid diffusion and a high resolution, and forms a pattern of good profile and minimal edge roughness after exposure.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a)on Patent Application No. 2014-011330 filed in Japan on Jan. 24, 2014,the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to a positive resist composition, and moreparticularly to a chemically amplified positive resist composition; anda patterning process using the same.

BACKGROUND ART

To meet the demand for higher integration density and operating speed ofLSIs, the effort to reduce the pattern rule is in rapid progress. Thewide-spreading flash memory market and the demand for increased storagecapacities drive forward the miniaturization technology. As the advancedminiaturization technology, manufacturing of microelectronic devices atthe 65-nm node by the ArF lithography has been implemented in a massscale. Manufacturing of 45-nm node devices by the next generation ArFimmersion lithography is approaching to the verge of high-volumeapplication. The candidates for the next generation 32-nm node includeultra-high NA lens immersion lithography using a liquid having a higherrefractive index than water in combination with a high refractive indexlens and a high refractive index resist film, extreme ultraviolet (EUV)lithography of wavelength 13.5 nm, and double patterning version of theArF lithography, on which active research efforts have been made.

With respect to high-energy radiation of very short wavelength such aselectron beam (EB) or x-ray, hydrocarbons and similar light elementsused in resist materials have little absorption. Then polyhydroxystyrenebase resist materials are under consideration.

The exposure system for mask manufacturing made a transition from thelaser beam exposure system to the EB exposure system to increase theaccuracy of line width. Since a further size reduction becomes possibleby increasing the accelerating voltage of the electron gun in the EBexposure system, the accelerating voltage increased from 10 kV to 30 kVand reached 50 kV in the current mainstream system, with a voltage of100 kV being under investigation.

As the accelerating voltage increases, a lowering of sensitivity ofresist film becomes of concern. As the accelerating voltage increases,the influence of forward scattering in a resist film becomes so reducedthat the contrast of electron image writing energy is improved toameliorate resolution and dimensional control whereas electrons can passstraightforward through the resist film so that the resist film becomesless sensitive. Since the mask exposure tool is designed for exposure bydirect continuous writing, a lowering of sensitivity of resist filmleads to an undesirably reduced throughput. Due to a need for highersensitivity, chemically amplified resist compositions are contemplated.

As the feature size reduces, image blurs due to acid diffusion become aproblem. To insure resolution for fine patterns with a size of 45 nm etseq., not only an improvement in dissolution contrast is important aspreviously reported, but control of acid diffusion is also important asreported in SPIE Vol. 6520 65203L-1 (2007). Since chemically amplifiedresist compositions are designed such that sensitivity and contrast areenhanced by acid diffusion, an attempt to minimize acid diffusion byreducing the temperature and/or time of post-exposure bake (PEB) fails,resulting in drastic reductions of sensitivity and contrast.

A triangular tradeoff relationship among sensitivity, resolution, andedge roughness has been pointed out. Specifically, a resolutionimprovement requires to suppress acid diffusion whereas a short aciddiffusion distance leads to a loss of sensitivity.

The addition of an acid generator capable of generating a bulky acid isan effective means for suppressing acid diffusion. It was then proposedto incorporate in a polymer an acid generator of an onium salt having apolymerizable olefin. JP-A 2006-045311 discloses a sulfonium salt havingpolymerizable olefin capable of generating a specific sulfonic acid anda similar iodonium salt. JP-A 2006-178317 discloses a sulfonium salthaving sulfonic acid directly attached to the main chain.

A tradeoff relationship between sensitivity and edge roughness has beenpointed out. For example, SPIE Vol. 3331 p531 (1998) describes thatsensitivity is in inverse proportion to edge roughness. It is expectedthat the edge roughness of a resist film is reduced by increasing theexposure dose to reduce shot noise. SPIE Vol. 5374 p74 (2004) describesa tradeoff between sensitivity and roughness in the EUV lithography inthat a resist material containing a more amount of quencher is effectivein reducing roughness, but suffers from a decline of sensitivity at thesame time. There is a need to enhance the quantum efficiency of acidgeneration in order to overcome the problem.

With respect to the acid generating mechanism triggered by EB exposure,SPIE Vol. 5753 p361 (2005) reports that PAG releases acid through themechanism that a polymer is excited by exposure so that electronsmigrate to the PAG. Since the irradiation energy of EB or EUV is higherthan the threshold value (10 eV) of ionization potential energy of abase polymer, it is presumed that the base polymer is readily ionized.An exemplary material of accelerating electron migration ishydroxystyrene.

It is reported in SPIE Vol. 5753 p1034 (2005) that poly-4-hydroxystyrenehas a higher acid generation efficiency in EB exposure thanpoly-4-methoxystyrene, indicating that poly-4-hydroxystyrene providesfor efficient migration of electrons to PAG upon EB exposure.

Reported in SPIE Vol. 6519 p65191F-1 (2007) is a material obtainedthrough copolymerization of hydroxystyrene for increasing the acidgeneration efficiency by electron migration, a methacrylate of PAGhaving sulfonic acid directly bonded to a polymer backbone forsuppressing acid diffusion, and a methacrylate having an acid labilegroup. Since hydroxystyrene has a phenolic hydroxyl group which isweakly acidic, it is effective for reducing swell in alkaline developer,but causes to increase acid diffusion. On the other hand, a methacrylatehaving lactone as the adhesive group is widely employed in the ArFresist composition. Since this methacrylate has high hydrophilicity andno alkaline solubility, it is ineffective for reducing swell, buteffective for suppressing acid diffusion. A combination ofhydroxystyrene and lactone-containing methacrylate as the adhesive groupcan establish a fairly good balance among sensitivity improvement, swellreduction, and acid diffusion control, but is still insufficient.

Copolymerization of hydroxyphenyl methacrylate with lactone ring-bearingmethacrylate and optionally methacrylate of PAG having sulfonic aciddirectly bonded to the polymer backbone is effective for forming resistcompositions having a high sensitivity, high resolution, and controlledacid diffusion. Increasing the content of hydroxyphenyl methacrylate iseffective for further increasing the sensitivity. However, as thecontent of hydroxyphenyl methacrylate increases, alkaline solubilityincreases, indicating that the pattern will undergo a film thicknessloss and eventually collapse. It would be desirable to have a resistmaterial having higher sensitivity and resolution.

CITATION LIST

-   Patent Document 1: JP-A 2006-045311 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,482,108)-   Patent Document 2: JP-A 2006-178317-   Non-Patent Document 1: SPIE Vol. 6520 65203L-1 (2007)-   Non-Patent Document 2: SPIE Vol. 3331 p531 (1998)-   Non-Patent Document 3: SPIE Vol. 5374 p74 (2004)-   Non-Patent Document 4: SPIE Vol. 5753 p361 (2005)-   Non-Patent Document 5: SPIE Vol. 5753 p1034 (2005)-   Non-Patent Document 6: SPIE Vol. 6519 p65191F-1 (2007)

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a positive resistcomposition, typically chemically amplified positive resist compositioncomprising a specific polymer, which composition exhibits a higherresolution than the prior art positive resist compositions and minimaledge roughness (LER, LWR), and forms a pattern of good profile; and apatterning process using the resist composition.

Making extensive investigations in search for a positive resist materialcapable of meeting the current requirements including high sensitivity,high resolution, and minimal edge roughness, the inventors have foundthat a polymer comprising recurring units of furaneol ester is quiteeffective as a base resin in a positive resist composition, typicallychemically amplified positive resist composition.

The inventors have found that a polymer obtained from copolymerizationof a monomer unit having a carboxyl group whose hydrogen is substitutedby an acid labile group with a furaneol ester as represented by thegeneral formula (1) below is used as a base resin in a positive resistcomposition for the purposes of suppressing acid diffusion and improvingdissolution contrast, and that a positive resist composition, typicallychemically amplified positive resist composition comprising the polymeris improved in such properties as sensitivity, a contrast of alkalidissolution rate before and after exposure, acid diffusion suppressingeffect, resolution, and profile and edge roughness of a pattern afterexposure, and thus best suited as a micropatterning material for thefabrication of VLSI and photomasks.

The positive resist composition has a high sensitivity due to theenhanced decomposition efficiency of acid generator, a satisfactoryeffect of suppressing acid diffusion, and a high resolution, lendsitself to the lithography process, and forms a pattern of good profileand minimal edge roughness after exposure. Because of these advantages,the composition is readily implemented in practice and best suited as aVLSI-forming resist material and mask pattern forming material.

In one aspect, the invention provides a positive resist compositioncomprising a polymer comprising recurring units having a carboxyl and/orphenolic hydroxyl group substituted with an acid labile group andrecurring units (a) having a furaneol ester, represented by the generalformula (1), and having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to500,000 as a base resin.

Herein R¹ is hydrogen or methyl, R² is methyl or ethyl, and X is asingle bond, a C₁-C₁₂ linking group having an ester radical, etherradical or lactone ring, phenylene group or naphthylene group.

In a preferred embodiment, the polymer comprises recurring units (a) andacid labile group-substituted recurring units (b1) and/or (b2), asrepresented by the general formula (2).

Herein R¹, R² and X are as defined above, R³ and R⁵ each are hydrogen ormethyl, R⁴ and R⁸ each are an acid labile group, R⁶ is a single bond ora straight or branched C₁-C₆ alkylene group, R⁷ is hydrogen, fluorine,trifluoromethyl, cyano, or straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₆ alkylgroup, p is 1 or 2, q is an integer of 0 to 4, Y¹ is a single bond, aC₁-C₁₂ linking group having an ester radical, ether radical or lactonering, phenylene group or naphthylene group, Y² is a single bond,—C(═O)—O— or —C(═O)—NH—, a, b1 and b2 are numbers in the range: 0<a<1.0,0≦b1<1.0, 0≦b2<1.0, 0<b1+b2<1.0, and 0.1≦a+b1+b2≦1.0.

In a more preferred embodiment, the polymer further comprises recurringunits (c) having an adhesive group selected from the class consisting ofhydroxyl, carboxyl, lactone ring, carbonate, thiocarbonate, carbonyl,cyclic acetal, ether, ester, sulfonic acid ester, cyano, amide, and—O—C(═O)-G- wherein G is sulfur or NH and c is a number in the range:0<c≦0.9 and 0.2≦a+b1+b2+c≦1.0.

In a more preferred embodiment, in addition to the recurring units (a),(b1) and/or (b2), and (c), the polymer further comprises recurring unitsof at least one type selected from sulfonium salt units (d1) to (d3)represented by the general formula (3).

Herein R²⁰, R²⁴, and R²⁸ each are hydrogen or methyl, R²¹ is a singlebond, phenylene, —O—R—, or —C(═O)—Y⁰—R—, Y⁰ is oxygen or NH, R is astraight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₆ alkylene group, alkenylene orphenylene group, which may contain a carbonyl, ester, ether or hydroxylradical, R²², R²³, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, R²⁹, R³⁰, and R³¹ are eachindependently a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group whichmay contain a carbonyl, ester or ether radical, or a C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₇-C₂₀aralkyl, or thiophenyl group, Z⁰ is a single bond, methylene, ethylene,phenylene, fluorophenylene, —O—R³²—, or —C(═O)—Z¹—R³²—, Z¹ is oxygen orNH, R³² is a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₆ alkylene group,alkenylene or phenylene group, which may contain a carbonyl, ester,ether or hydroxyl radical, M⁻ is a non-nucleophilic counter ion, d1, d2and d3 are in the range: 0≦d1≦0.5, 0≦d2≦0.5, 0≦d3≦0.5, 0<d1+d2+d3≦0.5,and 0.2≦a+b1+b2+c+d1+d2+d3≦1.0.

Optionally the resist composition may further comprise an organicsolvent and an acid generator, the composition being a chemicallyamplified resist composition. The resist composition may furthercomprise a basic compound and/or a surfactant as an additive.

In a second aspect, the invention provides a pattern forming processcomprising the steps of applying the positive resist composition definedabove onto a substrate to form a coating, baking, exposing the coatingto high-energy radiation, and developing the exposed coating in adeveloper.

Typically, the high-energy radiation is i-line, KrF excimer laser, ArFexcimer laser, EB or soft X-ray having a wavelength of 3 to 15 nm.

The positive resist composition, typically chemically amplified positiveresist composition, may be used not only in the lithography for formingsemiconductor circuits, but also in the formation of mask circuitpatterns, micromachines, and thin-film magnetic head circuits.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

The positive resist composition has a satisfactory effect of suppressingacid diffusion and a high resolution, and forms a pattern of goodprofile and minimal edge roughness after exposure. The positive resistcomposition, typically chemically amplified positive resist compositionis best suited as a micropatterning material for photomasks by EBlithography or for VLSIs by i-line, KrF excimer laser, ArF excimerlaser, EB or EUV lithography.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include pluralreferents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. “Optional” or“optionally” means that the subsequently described event orcircumstances may or may not occur, and that description includesinstances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where itdoes not. The notation (Cn-Cm) means a group containing from n to mcarbon atoms per group.

The acronym “PAG” stands for photoacid generator, “PEB” forpost-exposure bake, “LER” for line edge roughness, “LWR” for line widthroughness, “EUV” for extreme ultraviolet, and “EB” for electron beam.

One embodiment of the invention is a positive resist compositioncomprising a polymer comprising recurring units (a) having a furaneolester, represented by the general formula (1) and recurring units havinga carboxyl and/or phenolic hydroxyl group whose hydrogen is substitutedby an acid labile group as a base resin.

Herein R¹ is hydrogen or methyl, R² is methyl or ethyl, and X is asingle bond, a C₁-C₁₂ linking group having an ester (COO) radical, etherradical or lactone ring, phenylene group or naphthylene group.

Preferred as the base resin is a polymer comprising at least recurringunits (a) and acid labile group-substituted recurring units (b1) and/or(b2) copolymerized together, as represented by the general formula (2).The polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 500,000.

Herein R¹, R² and X are as defined above, R⁶ and R⁵ each are hydrogen ormethyl, R⁴ and R⁸ each are an acid labile group, R⁶ is a single bond ora straight or branched C₁-C₆ alkylene group, R⁷ is hydrogen, fluorine,trifluoromethyl, cyano, or straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₆ alkylgroup, p is 1 or 2, q is an integer of 0 to 4, Y¹ is a single bond, aC₁-C₁₂ linking group having an ester radical, ether radical or lactonering, phenylene group or naphthylene group, Y² is a single bond,—C(═O)—O— or —C(═O)—NH—, a, b1 and b2 are numbers in the range: 0<a<1.0,0≦b1<1.0, 0≦b2<1.0, 0<b1+b2<1.0, and 0.1≦a+b1+b2≦1.0.

A monomer Ma from which the recurring unit of formula (1) is derived maybe represented by the following formula.

Herein R¹, R² and X are as defined above.

This monomer may be synthesized by esterification of furaneol with amonomer having a polymerizable double bond as shown by the reactionscheme below. Esterification may be performed by the standard method.Notably, furaneol has IUPAC name: 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanoneand is also known as strawberry furanone. It is used as flavor. Sincethe monomer's position bonded via esterification of the hydroxyl groupof furaneol becomes quaternary carbon due to double bond inquadruple-ring, a polymer resulting from polymerization of the monomeris characterized by hindered free rotation and a high glass transitiontemperature. The elevation of glass transition temperature enhances theacid diffusion control function, leading to an improvement inresolution. In addition, the polymer is more hydrophobic due to theinclusion of methyl group and R² group (i.e., methyl or ethyl) withinthe ring, which is effective for suppressing any film thickness loss ofthe pattern after development.

Notably, esterification may also be performed using (meth)acrylicanhydride or (meth)acrylic chloride instead of the (meth)acrylic acid.

Examples of the monomer Ma from which recurring unit (a) is derived aregiven below.

Herein R¹ and R² are as defined above.

The polymer in the positive resist composition is characterized by theinclusion of recurring units (a) of furaneol ester. Two hydrophobicgroups, methyl and R² groups in furaneol function to suppress any filmthickness loss during alkaline development for thereby preventingpattern collapse and reducing edge roughness (LWR). The double bondincluded within the ring serves to increase the quantity of secondaryelectrons generated during EB or EUV exposure, whereby the sensitivityof resist is improved.

Monomers Mb1 and Mb2 from which the acid labile group-containingrecurring units (b1) and (b2) in formula (2) are derived may berepresented by the following formulae.

Herein R³ to R⁸, Y¹, Y², p and q are as defined above.

Of the groups represented by Y¹, the C₁-C₁₂ linking group having alactone ring may be exemplified by the following.

Examples of the monomer Mb1 from which recurring unit (b1) is derivedare given below, but not limited thereto.

Herein R³ and R⁴ are as defined above.

Examples of the monomer Mb2 from which recurring unit (b2) is derivedare given below, but not limited thereto.

Herein R⁵ and R⁸ are as defined above.

The acid labile groups represented by R⁴ and R⁸ in formula (2) may beselected from a variety of such groups. The acid labile groups may bethe same or different and preferably include substituent groups of thefollowing formulae (A-1) to (A-3).

In formula (A-1), R^(L30) is a tertiary alkyl group of 4 to 20 carbonatoms, preferably 4 to 15 carbon atoms, a trialkylsilyl group in whicheach alkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an oxoalkyl group of 4 to 20carbon atoms, or a group of formula (A-3). Exemplary tertiary alkylgroups are tert-butyl, tert-amyl, 1,1-diethylpropyl, 1-ethylcyclopentyl,1-butylcyclopentyl, 1-ethylcyclohexyl, 1-butylcyclohexyl,1-ethyl-2-cyclopentenyl, 1-ethyl-2-cyclohexenyl, and2-methyl-2-adamantyl. Exemplary trialkylsilyl groups are trimethylsilyl,triethylsilyl, and dimethyl-tert-butylsilyl. Exemplary oxoalkyl groupsare 3-oxocyclohexyl, 4-methyl-2-oxooxan-4-yl, and5-methyl-2-oxooxolan-5-yl. Letter A1 is an integer of 0 to 6.

In formula (A-2), R^(L31) and R^(L32) are hydrogen or straight, branchedor cyclic alkyl groups of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 10carbon atoms. Exemplary alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,2-ethylhexyl, and n-octyl. R^(L33) is a monovalent hydrocarbon group of1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms, which may containa heteroatom such as oxygen, examples of which include straight,branched or cyclic alkyl groups and substituted forms of such alkylgroups in which some hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydroxyl, alkoxy,oxo, amino, alkylamino or the like. Illustrative examples of thesubstituted alkyl groups are shown below.

Apair of R^(L31) and R^(L32), R^(L31) and R^(L33), or R and R may bondtogether to form a ring with the carbon and oxygen atoms to which theyare attached. Each of R^(L31), R^(L32) and R^(L33) is a straight orbranched alkylene group of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 10carbon atoms when they form a ring, while the ring preferably has 3 to10 carbon atoms, more preferably 4 to 10 carbon atoms.

Examples of the acid labile groups of formula (A-1) includetert-butoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl, tert-amyloxycarbonyl,tert-amyloxycarbonylmethyl, 1,1-diethylpropyloxycarbonyl,1,1-diethylpropyloxycarbonylmethyl, 1-ethylcyclopentyloxycarbonyl,1-ethylcyclopentyloxycarbonylmethyl, 1-ethyl-2-cyclopentenyloxycarbonyl,1-ethyl-2-cyclopentenyloxycarbonylmethyl, 1-ethoxyethoxycarbonylmethyl,2-tetrahydropyranyloxycarbonylmethyl, and2-tetrahydrofuranyloxycarbonylmethyl.

Also included are substituent groups having the formulae (A-1)-1 to(A-1)-10.

Herein R^(L37) is each independently a straight, branched or cyclicC₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, R^(L38) is hydrogen or astraight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, R^(L39) is eachindependently a straight, branched or cyclic C₂-C₁₀ alkyl group orC₆-C₂₀ aryl group, and A1 is as defined above.

Of the acid labile groups of formula (A-2), the straight and branchedones are exemplified by the following groups having formulae (A-2)-1 to(A-2)-69.

Of the acid labile groups of formula (A-2), the cyclic ones are, forexample, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl,tetrahydropyran-2-yl, and 2-methyltetrahydropyran-2-yl.

Other examples of acid labile groups include those of the generalformula (A-2a) or (A-2b) while the polymer may be crosslinked within themolecule or between molecules with these acid labile groups.

Herein R^(L40) and R^(L41) each are hydrogen or a straight, branched orcyclic C₁-C₈ alkyl group, or R^(L40) and R^(L41), taken together, mayform a ring with the carbon atom to which they are attached, and R^(L40)and R^(L41) are straight or branched C₁-C₈ alkylene groups when theyform a ring. R^(L42) is a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₀ alkylenegroup. Each of B1 and D1 is 0 or an integer of 1 to 10, preferably 0 oran integer of 1 to 5, and C1 is an integer of 1 to 7. “A” is a(C1+1)-valent aliphatic or alicyclic saturated hydrocarbon group,aromatic hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group having 1 to 50 carbonatoms, which may be separated by a heteroatom or in which some of thehydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms may be substituted by hydroxyl,carboxyl, carbonyl groups or fluorine atoms. “B” is —CO—O—, —NHCO—O— or—NHCONH—. Preferably, “A” is selected from divalent to tetravalent,straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₂₀ alkylene, alkyltriyl andalkyltetrayl groups, and C₆-C₃₀ arylene groups, which may be separatedby a heteroatom or in which some of the hydrogen atoms attached tocarbon atoms may be substituted by hydroxyl, carboxyl, acyl groups orhalogen atoms. The subscript C1 is preferably an integer of 1 to 3.

The crosslinking acetal groups of formulae (A-2a) and (A-2b) areexemplified by the following formulae (A-2)-70 through (A-2)-77.

In formula (A-3), R^(L34), R^(L35) and R^(L36) each are a monovalenthydrocarbon group, typically a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₂₀ alkylgroup or straight, branched or cyclic C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, which maycontain a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or fluorine. Apair of R^(L34) and R^(L35), R^(L34) and R^(L36), or R^(L35) and R^(L36)may bond together to form a C₃-C₂₀ aliphatic ring with the carbon atomto which they are attached.

Exemplary tertiary alkyl groups of formula (A-3) include tert-butyl,triethylcarbyl, 1-ethylnorbornyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl,1-ethylcyclopentyl, 2-(2-methyl)adamantyl, 2-(2-ethyl)adamantyl, andtert-amyl.

Other exemplary tertiary alkyl groups include those of the followingformulae (A-3)-1 to (A-3)-18.

Herein R^(L43) is each independently a straight, branched or cyclicC₁-C₈ alkyl group or C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, typically phenyl, R^(L44) andR^(L46) each are hydrogen or a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₂₀ alkylgroup, and R^(L45) is a C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, typically phenyl.

The polymer may be crosslinked within the molecule or between moleculeswith groups having R^(L47) which is a di- or multi-valent alkylene orarylene group, as shown by the following formulae (A-3)-19 and (A-3)-20.

Herein R^(L43) is as defined above, R^(L47) is a straight, branched orcyclic C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group or arylene group, typically phenylene,which may contain a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, andE1 is an integer of 1 to 3.

Of recurring units having acid labile groups of formula (A-3), recurringunits of (meth)acrylate having an exo-form structure represented by theformula (A-3)-21 are preferred.

Herein, R³ is hydrogen or methyl; R^(Lc3) is a straight, branched orcyclic C₁-C₈ alkyl group or an optionally substituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl group;R^(Lc4) to R^(Lc9), R^(Lc12) and R^(Lc13) are each independentlyhydrogen or a monovalent C₁-C₁₅ hydrocarbon group which may contain aheteroatom; and R^(Lc10) and R^(Lc11) are hydrogen or a monovalentC₁-C₁₅ hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. Alternatively,a pair of R^(Lc4) and R^(Lc5), R^(Lc6) and R^(Lc8), R^(Lc6) and R^(Lc9),R^(Lc7) and R^(Lc9), R^(Lc7) and R^(Lc13), R^(Lc8) and R^(Lc12),R^(Lc10) and R^(Lc11), or R^(Lc11) and R^(Lc12), taken together, mayform a ring, and in that event, each ring-forming R is a divalent C₁-C₁₅hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. Also, a pair ofR^(Lc4) and R^(Lc13), R^(Lc10) and R^(Lc13), or R^(Lc6) and R^(Lc8)which are attached to vicinal carbon atoms may bond together directly toform a double bond. The formula also represents an enantiomer.

The ester form monomers from which recurring units having an exo-formstructure represented by formula (A-3)-21 are derived are described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,448,420 (JP-A 2000-327633). Illustrative non-limitingexamples of suitable monomers are given below.

Also included in the acid labile groups of formula (A-3) are acid labilegroups of (meth)acrylate having furandiyl, tetrahydrofurandiyl oroxanorbornanediyl as represented by the following formula (A-3)-22.

Herein, R³ is hydrogen or methyl; R^(Lc14) and R^(Lc15) are eachindependently a monovalent, straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₀hydrocarbon group, or R^(Lc14) and R^(Lc15), taken together, may form analiphatic hydrocarbon ring with the carbon atom to which they areattached. R^(Lc16) is a divalent group selected from furandiyl,tetrahydrofurandiyl and oxanorbornanediyl. R^(Lc17) is hydrogen or amonovalent, straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbon group whichmay contain a heteroatom.

Examples of the monomers from which the recurring units substituted withacid labile groups having furandiyl, tetrahydrofurandiyl andoxanorbornanediyl are derived are shown below. Note that Me is methyland Ac is acetyl.

In the recurring unit (b1), the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group maybe substituted by an acid labile group having the general formula(A-3)-23.

Herein R²³⁻¹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl,C₆-C₁₀ aryl, halogen, or cyano group, and m23 is an integer of 1 to 4.

Examples of the monomer having a carboxyl group substituted with an acidlabile group of formula (A-3)-23 are given below.

In the recurring unit (b1), the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group maybe substituted by an acid labile group having the general formula(A-3)-24.

Herein R²⁴⁻¹ and R²⁴⁻² each are hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl,alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, halogen, or cyano group; R ishydrogen, a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group which maycontain an oxygen or sulfur atom, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, orC₆-C₁₀ aryl group; R²⁴⁻³, R²⁴⁻⁴, R²⁴⁻⁵, and R²⁴⁻⁶ each are hydrogen, ora pair of R²⁴⁻³ and R²⁴⁻⁴, R²⁴⁻⁴ and R²⁴⁻⁵, or R²⁴⁻⁵ and R²⁴⁻⁶ may bondtogether to form a benzene ring; m24 and n24 each are an integer of 1 to4.

Examples of the monomer having a carboxyl group substituted with an acidlabile group of formula (A-3)-24 are given below.

In the recurring unit (b1), the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group maybe substituted by an acid labile group having the general formula(A-3)-25.

Herein R²⁵⁻¹ is each independently hydrogen or a straight, branched orcyclic C₁-C₆ alkyl group, and in case m25 is 2 or more, R²⁵⁻¹ may bondtogether to form a non-aromatic ring of 2 to 8 carbon atoms; the circledenotes a link between carbons C_(A) and C_(B), selected from amongethylene, propylene, butylene andpentylene; R²⁵⁻¹ is not hydrogen whenthe circle denotes ethylene or propylene; R²⁵⁻² is C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkoxy,alkanoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyl, nitro, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, halogen, orcyano group; R is as defined above; m25 and n25 each are an integer of 1to 4.

Examples of the monomer having a carboxyl group substituted with an acidlabile group of formula (A-3)-25 are given below.

In the recurring unit (b1), the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group maybe substituted by an acid labile group having the general formula(A-3)-26.

Herein R²⁶⁻¹ and R²⁶⁻² each are hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl,alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyl, nitro, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, halogen, or cyano group; Ris as defined above; and m26 and n26 each are an integer of 1 to 4.

Examples of the monomer having a carboxyl group substituted with an acidlabile group of formula (A-3)-26 are given below.

In the recurring unit (b1), the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group maybe substituted by an acid labile group having the general formula(A-3)-27.

Herein R²⁷⁻¹ and R²⁷⁻² each are hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl,alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, halogen, or cyano group; R is asdefined above; J is methylene, ethylene, vinylene or —CH₂—S—; and m27and n27 each are an integer of 1 to 4.

Examples of the monomer having a carboxyl group substituted with an acidlabile group of formula (A-3)-27 are given below.

In the recurring unit (b1), the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group maybe substituted by an acid labile group having the general formula(A-3)-28.

Herein R²⁸⁻¹ and R²⁸⁻² each are hydrogen, C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl,alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, halogen, or cyano group; R is asdefined above; K is carbonyl, ether, sulfide, —S(═O)— or —S(═O)₂—; andm28 and n28 each are an integer of 1 to 4.

Examples of the monomer having a carboxyl group substituted with an acidlabile group of formula (A-3)-28 are given below.

In a more preferred embodiment, the polymer as the base resin mayfurther comprise recurring units (c) having an adhesive group ascopolymerized with the recurring units (a) and the recurring units (b1)having a carboxyl group whose hydrogen is substituted by an acid labilegroup and/or the recurring units (b2) having a phenolic hydroxyl groupwhose hydrogen is substituted by an acid labile group, as represented byformula (2). The adhesive group is selected from among hydroxyl,carboxyl, lactone ring, carbonate, thiocarbonate, carbonyl, cyclicacetal, ether, ester, sulfonic acid ester, cyano, amide, and —O—C(═O)-G-wherein G is sulfur or NH; and c is a number in the range: 0<c≦0.9 and0.2≦a+b1+b2+c≦1.0. The polymer has a weight average molecular weight inthe range of 1,000 to 500,000.

Shown below are examples of the monomer from which the recurring units(c) having an adhesive group selected from among hydroxyl, carboxyl,lactone ring, carbonate, thiocarbonate, carbonyl, cyclic acetal, ether,ester, sulfonic acid ester, cyano, amide, and —O—C(═O)-G- wherein G issulfur or NH are derived.

In the case of a monomer having a hydroxyl group, the hydroxyl group maybe replaced by an acetal group susceptible to deprotection with acid,typically ethoxyethoxy, prior to polymerization, and the polymerizationbe followed by deprotection with weak acid and water. Alternatively, thehydroxyl group may be replaced by an acetyl, formyl, pivaloyl or similargroup prior to polymerization, and the polymerization be followed byalkaline hydrolysis.

In a more preferred embodiment, recurring units (d1), (d2) or (d3)having a sulfonium salt as represented by the following general formula(3) may be copolymerized. It is noted that JP-A 2006-045311 discloses asulfonium or iodonium salt having polymerizable olefin capable ofgenerating a specific sulfonic acid; and JP-A 2006-178317 discloses asulfonium salt having sulfonic acid directly attached to the main chain.

Herein R²⁰, R²⁴, and R²⁸ each are hydrogen or methyl. R²¹ is a singlebond, phenylene, —O—R—, or —C(═O)—Y⁰—R—. Y⁰ is oxygen or NH. R is astraight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₆ alkylene group, alkenylene group orphenylene group, which may contain a carbonyl (—CO—), ester (—COO—),ether (—O—), or hydroxyl moiety. R²², R²³, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, R²⁹, R³⁰, andR³¹ are each independently a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₂ alkylgroup which may contain a carbonyl, ester or ether moiety, a C₆-C₁₂ arylgroup, a C₇-C₂₀ aralkyl group, or a thiophenyl group. Z⁰ is a singlebond, methylene, ethylene, phenylene, fluorinated phenylene, —O—R³²—, or—C(═O)—Z¹—R³²—, wherein Z¹ is oxygen or NH, and R³² is a straight,branched or cyclic C₁-C₆ alkylene group, alkenylene group or phenylenegroup, which may contain a carbonyl, ester, ether or hydroxyl moiety. M⁻is a non-nucleophilic counter ion. Molar fractions d1, d2 and d3 are inthe range: 0≦d1≦0.5, 0≦d2≦0.5, 0≦d3≦0.5, 0≦d1+d2+d3≦0.5. When recurringunits (d1), (d2) or (d3) are incorporated, the preferred range is0<d1+d2+d3≦0.5 and 0.2≦a+b1+b2+c+d1+d2+d3≦1.0.

Binding an acid generator to the polymer backbone is effective forreducing acid diffusion and preventing the resolution from lowering dueto blur by acid diffusion. Additionally, edge roughness (LER, LWR) isimproved because the acid generator is uniformly dispersed.

Examples of the non-nucleophilic counter ion represented by M⁻ includehalide ions such as chloride and bromide ions; fluoroalkylsulfonate ionssuch as triflate, 1,1,1-trifluoroethanesulfonate, andnonafluorobutanesulfonate; arylsulfonate ions such as tosylate,benzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, and1,2,3,4,5-pentafluorobenzenesulfonate; alkylsulfonate ions such asmesylate and butanesulfonate; imidates such asbis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide andbis(perfluorobutylsulfonyl)imide; methidates such astris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide andtris(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)methide.

Other non-nucleophilic counter ions include sulfonates having fluorinesubstituted at α-position as represented by the general formula (K-1)and sulfonates having fluorine substituted at α- and β-positions asrepresented by the general formula (K-2).

In formula (K-1), R¹⁰² is hydrogen, or a straight, branched or cyclicC₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, or C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, whichmay have an ether, ester, carbonyl moiety, lactone ring or fluorine. Informula (K-2), R¹⁰³ is hydrogen, or a straight, branched or cyclicC₁-C₃₀ alkyl or acyl group, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, or C₆-C₂₀ aryl oraryloxy group, which may have an ether, ester, carbonyl moiety orlactone ring.

Understandably, when a polymer having copolymerized therein recurringunits of any type as represented by formula (3) is used as the baseresin in a resist composition, the addition of a photoacid generator tobe described later may be omitted.

The polymer may have further copolymerized therein recurring units (e)of any type selected from indene units (e1), acenaphthylene units (e2),chromone units (e3), coumarin units (e4), and norbornadiene units (e5)as represented by the general formula (4).

Herein R¹¹⁰ to R¹¹⁴ each are hydrogen, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, partially orentirely halo-substituted alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl,alkoxycarbonyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, halogen, or1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol group; X⁰ is methylene, oxygen orsulfur atom; e1 to e5 are numbers in the range: 0≦e1≦0.5, 0≦e2≦0.5,0≦e3≦0.5, 0≦e4≦0.5, 0≦e5≦0.5, and 0≦e1+e2+e3+e4+e5≦0.5, and where units(e) are incorporated, 0<e1+e2+e3+e4+e5≦0.5.

Besides the recurring units (a) to (e), additional recurring units (f)may be copolymerized in the polymer. Exemplary are recurring unitsderived from styrene, vinylnaphthalene, vinylanthracene, vinylpyrene,methyleneindane, and the like.

The polymer defined herein may be synthesized by any desired methods,for example, by dissolving suitable monomers selected from the monomersto form the recurring units (a) to (f) in an organic solvent, adding aradical polymerization initiator thereto, and effecting heatpolymerization. Examples of the organic solvent which can be used forpolymerization include toluene, benzene, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether,dioxane, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, methyl ethyl ketone, andγ-butyrolactone. Examples of the polymerization initiator used hereininclude 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN),2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), dimethyl2,2-azobis(2-methylpropionate), benzoyl peroxide, and lauroyl peroxide.Preferably the system is heated at 50 to 80° C. for polymerization totake place. The reaction time is 2 to 100 hours, preferably 5 to 20hours.

When hydroxystyrene or hydroxyvinylnaphthalene is copolymerized, analternative method is possible. Specifically, acetoxystyrene oracetoxyvinylnaphthalene is used instead of hydroxystyrene orhydroxyvinylnaphthalene, and after polymerization, the acetoxy group isdeprotected by alkaline hydrolysis as mentioned above, for therebyconverting the polymer product to polyhydroxystyrene orhydroxypolyvinylnaphthalene. For alkaline hydrolysis, a base such asaqueous ammonia or triethylamine may be used. The reaction temperatureis −20° C. to 100° C., preferably 0° C. to 60° C., and the reaction timeis 0.2 to 100 hours, preferably 0.5 to 20 hours.

In the (co)polymer, recurring units (a) to (c) may be incorporated inthe following molar fraction:

0<a≦1.0, preferably 0<a<1.0, 0≦b1<1.0, 0≦b2<1.0, 0<b1+b2<1.0,0.1≦a+b1+b2≦1.0, and 0≦c≦0.9, and where unit (c) is incorporated,0<c≦0.9 and 0.2≦a+b1+b2+c≦1.0;more preferably 0.02≦a≦0.8, 0≦b1≦0.8, 0≦b2≦0.8, 0.1≦b1+b2≦0.8, and0.1≦c≦0.88;even more preferably 0.05≦a≦0.75, 0≦b1≦0.7, 0≦b2≦0.7, 0.1≦b1+b2≦0.75,and 0.15≦c≦0.85;most preferably 0.07≦a≦0.7, 0≦b1≦0.65, 0≦b2≦0.65, 0.1≦b1+b2≦0.7, and0.2≦c≦0.83. Preferably, a, b and c are in the range: 0.2≦a+b1+b2+c≦1.0,more preferably 0.3≦a+b1+b2+c≦1.0, and even more preferably0.4≦a+b1+b2+c≦1.0.

Recurring units (d) may be incorporated in the following molar fraction:0≦d1≦0.5, 0≦d2≦0.5, 0≦d3≦0.5, and 0≦d1+d2+d3≦0.5; preferably 0≦d1≦0.4, 0d2≦0.4, 0≦d3≦0.4, and 0≦d1+d2+d3≦0.4; more preferably 0≦d1≦0.3,0≦d2≦0.3, 0≦d3≦0.3, and 0 d1+d2+d3≦0.3; and even more preferably0≦d1≦0.2, 0≦d2≦0.2, 0≦d3≦0.2, and 0≦d1+d2+d3≦0.25. Preferably, a to dare in the range: 0.2≦a+b1+b2+c+d1+d2+d3≦1.0, more preferably0.4≦a+b1+b2+c+d1+d2+d3≦1.0.

Where recurring units (e) and (f) are incorporated, their molar fractionis: 0≦e1≦0.5, 0≦e2≦0.5, 0≦e3≦0.5, 0≦e4≦0.5, 0≦e5≦0.5, and0≦e1+e2+e3+e4+e5≦0.5; preferably 0≦e1≦0.4, 0≦e2≦0.4, 0≦e3≦0.4, 0≦e4≦0.4,0≦e5≦0.4, and 0≦e1+e2+e3+e4+e5≦0.4; more preferably 0≦e1≦0.3, 0≦e2≦0.3,0≦e3≦0.3, 0≦e4≦0.3, 0≦e5≦0.3, and 0≦e1+e2+e3+e4+e5≦0.3; and 0≦f≦0.5,preferably 0≦f≦0.4, more preferably 0≦f≦0.3. It is preferred thata+b1+b2+c+d1+d2+d3+e1+e2+e3+e4+e5+f=1.

The polymer serving as the base resin in the positive resist compositionshould have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) in the range of 1,000to 500,000, and preferably 2,000 to 30,000, as measured by gelpermeation chromatography (GPC) versus polystyrene standards usingtetrahydrofuran as a solvent. With too low a Mw, the resist compositionbecomes less heat resistant. A polymer with too high a Mw loses alkalinesolubility and gives rise to a footing phenomenon after patternformation.

If a multi-component polymer has a wide molecular weight distribution ordispersity (Mw/Mn), which indicates the presence of lower and highermolecular weight polymer fractions, there is a possibility that foreignmatter is left on the pattern or the pattern profile is degraded. Theinfluences of molecular weight and dispersity become stronger as thepattern rule becomes finer. Therefore, the multi-component copolymershould preferably have a narrow dispersity (Mw/Mn) of 1.0 to 2.0,especially 1.0 to 1.5, in order to provide a resist composition suitablefor micropatterning to a small feature size.

It is understood that a blend of two or more polymers which differ incompositional ratio, molecular weight or dispersity is acceptable aswell as a blend of an inventive polymer and a polymer free of recurringunits (a).

The polymer is advantageously used as a base resin in a positive resistcomposition, typically chemically amplified positive resist composition.Specifically, the polymer is used as a base resin and combined with anydesired components including an organic solvent, acid generator,dissolution regulator, basic compound, surfactant, and acetylene alcoholto formulate a resist composition. This positive resist composition hasa very high sensitivity in that the dissolution rate in developer of thepolymer in exposed areas is accelerated by catalytic reaction. Inaddition, the resist film has a high dissolution contrast, resolution,exposure latitude, and process adaptability, and provides a good patternprofile after exposure, yet better etching resistance, and minimalproximity bias because of restrained acid diffusion. By virtue of theseadvantages, the composition is fully useful in commercial applicationand suited as a pattern-forming material for the fabrication of VLSIs orphotomasks.

Particularly when an acid generator is added to formulate a chemicallyamplified positive resist composition capable of utilizing acidcatalyzed reaction, the composition has a higher sensitivity and isfurther improved in the properties described above. Typical of the acidgenerator used herein is a photoacid generator (PAG) capable ofgenerating an acid in response to actinic light or radiation. It is anycompound capable of generating an acid upon exposure to high-energyradiation. Suitable photoacid generators include sulfonium salts,iodonium salts, sulfonyldiazomethane, N-sulfonyloxyimide, andoxime-O-sulfonate acid generators. The acid generators may be used aloneor in admixture of two or more. Exemplary acid generators are describedin U.S. Pat. No. 7,537,880 (JP-A 2008-111103, paragraphs [0122] to[0142]).

Inclusion of a dissolution regulator may lead to an increased differencein dissolution rate between exposed and unexposed areas and a furtherimprovement in resolution. Addition of a basic compound may be effectivein suppressing the diffusion rate of acid in the resist film, achievinga further improvement in resolution. Addition of a surfactant mayimprove or control the coating characteristics of the resistcomposition.

Examples of the organic solvent used herein are described in JP-A2008-111103, paragraphs [0144] to [0145] (U.S. Pat. No. 7,537,880).Exemplary basic compounds are described in JP-A 2008-111103, paragraphs[0146] to [0164]. Exemplary surfactants are described in JP-A2008-111103, paragraphs [0165] to [0166]. Exemplary dissolutionregulators are described in JP-A 2008-122932 (US 2008090172), paragraphs[0155] to [0178], and exemplary acetylene alcohols in paragraphs [0179]to [0182]. Also useful are quenchers of polymer type as described inJP-A 2008-239918. The polymeric quencher segregates at the resistsurface after coating and thus enhances the rectangularity of resistpattern. When a protective film is applied, the polymeric quencher isalso effective for preventing a film thickness loss of resist pattern orrounding of pattern top.

An appropriate amount of the acid generator used is 0.01 to 100 parts,and preferably 0.1 to 80 parts. An appropriate amount of the organicsolvent used is 50 to 10,000 parts, especially 100 to 5,000 parts. Thedissolution regulator may be blended in an amount of 0 to 50 parts,preferably 0 to 40 parts, the basic compound in an amount of 0 to 100parts, preferably 0.001 to 50 parts, and the surfactant in an amount of0 to 10 parts, preferably 0.0001 to 5 parts. All amounts are expressedin parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the base resin.

Process

The positive resist composition, typically chemically amplified positiveresist composition comprising the polymer, organic solvent, acidgenerator, and basic compound is used in the fabrication of variousintegrated circuits. Pattern formation using the resist composition maybe performed by well-known lithography processes. The process generallyinvolves coating, heat treatment (or prebaking), exposure, heattreatment (PEB), and development. If necessary, any additional steps maybe added.

The resist composition is first applied onto a substrate on which anintegrated circuit is to be formed (e.g., Si, SiO₂, SiN, SiON, TiN, WSi,BPSG, SOG, or organic antireflective coating) or a substrate on which amask circuit is to be formed (e.g., Cr, CrO, CrON, or MoSi) by asuitable coating technique such as spin coating, roll coating, flowcoating, dip coating, spray coating or doctor coating. The coating isprebaked on a hot plate at a temperature of 60 to 150° C. for 10 secondsto 30 minutes, preferably 80 to 120° C. for 30 seconds to 20 minutes.The resulting resist film is generally 0.1 to 2.0 μm thick.

If desired, a protective film may be formed on the resist film. Theprotective film is preferably formed of an alkaline developer-solublecomposition so that both formation of a resist pattern and stripping ofthe protective film may be achieved during development. The protectivefilm has the functions of restraining outgassing from the resist film,filtering or cutting off out-of-band (OOB) light having a wavelength of140 to 300 nm emitted by the EUV laser (other than 13.5 nm), andpreventing the resist film from assuming T-top profile or from losingits thickness under environmental impacts.

The resist film is then exposed to a desired pattern of high-energyradiation such as UV, deep-UV, EB, x-ray, excimer laser light, γ-ray,synchrotron radiation or EUV (soft x-ray), directly or through a mask.The exposure dose is preferably about 1 to 200 mJ/cm², more preferablyabout 10 to 100 mJ/cm², or 0.1 to 100 μC/cm², more preferably 0.5 to 50μC/cm². The resist film is further baked (PEB) on a hot plate at 60 to150° C. for 10 seconds to 30 minutes, preferably 80 to 120° C. for 30seconds to 20 minutes.

Thereafter the resist film is developed with a developer in the form ofan aqueous base solution for 3 seconds to 3 minutes, preferably 5seconds to 2 minutes by conventional techniques such as dip, puddle orspray techniques. Suitable developers are 0.1 to 10 wt %, preferably 2to 5 wt % aqueous solutions of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH),tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAH), tetrapropylammonium hydroxide(TPAH) and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH). The resist film in theexposed area is dissolved in the developer whereas the resist film inthe unexposed area is not dissolved. In this way, the desired positivepattern is formed on the substrate. It is appreciated that the resistcomposition of the invention is best suited for micro-patterning usingsuch high-energy radiation as EB, EUV (soft x-ray), x-ray, γ-ray andsynchrotron radiation among others.

Although TMAH aqueous solution is generally used as the developer, TEAH,TPAH and TBAH having a longer alkyl chain are effective in inhibitingthe resist film from being swollen during development and thuspreventing pattern collapse. JP 3429592 describes an example using anaqueous TBAH solution for the development of a polymer comprisingrecurring units having an alicyclic structure such as adamantanemethacrylate and recurring units having an acid labile group such astert-butyl methacrylate, the polymer being water repellent due to theabsence of hydrophilic groups.

The TMAH developer is most often used as 2.38 wt % aqueous solution,which corresponds to 0.26N. The TEAH, TPAH, and TBAH aqueous solutionsshould preferably have an equivalent normality. The concentration ofTEAH, TPAH, and TBAH that corresponds to 0.26N is 3.84 wt %, 5.31 wt %,and 6.78 wt %, respectively.

When a pattern with a line size of 32 nm or less is resolved by the EBand EUV lithography, there arises a phenomenon that lines become wavy,lines merge together, and merged lines collapse. It is believed thatthis phenomenon occurs because lines are swollen in the developer andthe thus expanded lines merge together. Since the swollen linescontaining liquid developer are as soft as sponge, they readily collapseunder the stress of rinsing. For this reason, the developer using along-chain alkyl developing agent is effective for preventing film swelland hence, pattern collapse.

In another embodiment, a negative pattern can be formed from the resistcomposition by organic solvent development. The developer used to thisend is at least one solvent selected from among 2-octanone, 2-nonanone,2-heptanone, 3-heptanone, 4-heptanone, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone,diisobutyl ketone, methylcyclohexanone, acetophenone,methylacetophenone, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate,amyl acetate, butenyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, phenyl acetate, propylformate, butyl formate, isobutyl formate, amyl formate, isoamyl formate,methyl valerate, methyl pentenoate, methyl crotonate, ethyl crotonate,methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, methyllactate, ethyl lactate, propyl lactate, butyl lactate, isobutyl lactate,amyl lactate, isoamyl lactate, methyl 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, ethyl2-hydroxyisobutyrate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, benzyl acetate,methyl phenylacetate, benzyl formate, phenylethyl formate, methyl3-phenylpropionate, benzyl propionate, ethyl phenylacetate, and2-phenylethyl acetate.

At the end of development, the resist film is rinsed. As the rinsingliquid, a solvent which is miscible with the developer and does notdissolve the resist film is preferred. Suitable solvents includealcohols of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, ether compounds of 8 to 12 carbonatoms, alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes of 6 to 12 carbon atoms, andaromatic solvents. Specifically, suitable alkanes of 6 to 12 carbonatoms include hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane,dodecane, methylcyclopentane, dimethylcyclopentane, cyclohexane,methylcyclohexane, dimethylcyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, andcyclononane. Suitable alkenes of 6 to 12 carbon atoms include hexene,heptene, octene, cyclohexene, methylcyclohexene, dimethylcyclohexene,cycloheptene, and cyclooctene. Suitable alkynes of 6 to 12 carbon atomsinclude hexyne, heptyne, and octyne. Suitable alcohols of 3 to 10 carbonatoms include n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-butyl alcohol,2-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, 1-pentanol,2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, tert-amyl alcohol, neopentyl alcohol,2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol,cyclopentanol, 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 3-hexanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butanol,3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol, 2-ethyl-1-butanol,2-methyl-1-pentanol, 2-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-methyl-3-pentanol,3-methyl-1-pentanol, 3-methyl-2-pentanol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol,4-methyl-1-pentanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 4-methyl-3-pentanol,cyclohexanol, and 1-octanol. Suitable ether compounds of 8 to 12 carbonatoms include di-n-butyl ether, diisobutyl ether, di-sec-butyl ether,di-n-pentyl ether, diisopentyl ether, di-sec-pentyl ether, di-tert-amylether, and di-n-hexyl ether. Suitable aromatic solvents include toluene,xylene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene, andmesitylene. The solvents may be used alone or in admixture.

EXAMPLE

Synthesis Examples, Comparative Synthesis Examples, Examples andComparative Examples are given below for further illustrating theinvention, but they should not be construed as limiting the inventionthereto. Mw is a weight average molecular weight as measured versuspolystyrene standards by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) usingtetrahydrofuran solvent, and Mw/Mn designates molecular weightdistribution or dispersity. All parts (pbw) are by weight.

Monomer Synthesis Example 1 Synthesis of Monomer 1

In 500 g of tetrahydrofuran, 50 g of furaneol and 3.7 g of4-(dimethylamino)pyridine were mixed. Under ice cooling, 92.4 g ofmethacrylic anhydride was added dropwise to the mixture. The contentswere stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. Then water was added toquench the reaction, followed by standard aqueous workup. The productwas purified by silica gel column chromatography, obtaining 114 g (yield65%) of Monomer 1.

Monomer Synthesis Example 2 Synthesis of Monomer 2

Monomer 2 was synthesized by the same procedure as in Monomer SynthesisExample 1 aside from using 2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanoneinstead of furaneol.

PAG Monomers 1 to 4 used in the following Synthesis Examples areidentified below.

-   PAG Monomer 1: triphenylsulfonium    1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-methacryloyloxypropane-1-sulfonate-   PAG Monomer 2: 5-phenyldibenzothiophenium    1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(methacryloyloxy)propane-1-sulfonate-   PAG Monomer 3: 5-phenyldibenzothiophenium    1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(3-methacryloyloxy-adamantane-1-carbonyloxy)propane-1-sulfonate-   PAG Monomer 4: 10-phenylphenoxathiinium    1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(3-methacryloyloxy-adamantane-1-carbonyloxy)propane-1-sulfonate

Synthesis Example 1

A 2-L flask was charged with 8.2 g of ethylcyclopentyl methacrylate, 7.8g of Monomer 1, 5.3 g of 4-hydroxyphenyl methacrylate, and 40 g oftetrahydrofuran as solvent. The reactor was cooled to −70° C. in anitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuum evacuation and nitrogen blow wererepeated three times. The reactor warmed up to room temperaturewhereupon 1.2 g of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was added as apolymerization initiator. The reactor was heated at 60° C. and reactionrun for 15 hours. The reaction solution was precipitated from 1 L ofisopropyl alcohol. The resulting white solid was collected by filtrationand dried in vacuum at 60° C., yielding a white polymer.

The polymer was analyzed by ¹³C-NMR, ¹H-NMR, and GPC, with theanalytical data shown below.

Copolymer Composition (Molar Ratio)

-   -   ethylcyclopentyl methacrylate:Monomer 1:4-hydroxyphenyl        methacrylate=0.30:0.30:0.40    -   Mw=7,200    -   Mw/Mn=1.92

This is designated Polymer 1.

Synthesis Example 2

A 2-L flask was charged with 6.3 g of3-ethyl-3-exo-tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodecanyl methacrylate,5.9 g of Monomer 1, 1.7 g of indene, 6.0 g of 4-acetoxystyrene, and 40 gof tetrahydrofuran as solvent. The reactor was cooled to −70° C. in anitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuum evacuation and nitrogen blow wererepeated three times. The reactor warmed up to room temperaturewhereupon 1.2 g of AIBN was added as a polymerization initiator. Thereactor was heated at 60° C. and reaction run for 15 hours. The reactionsolution was precipitated from 1 L of isopropyl alcohol. The resultingwhite solid was collected by filtration and dissolved again in a mixtureof 100 mL of methanol and 200 mL of tetrahydrofuran, to which 10 g oftriethylamine and 10 g of water were added. Deprotection reaction ofacetyl group was conducted at 70° C. for 5 hours, followed byneutralization with acetic acid. The reaction solution was concentratedand dissolved in 100 mL of acetone. By similar precipitation,filtration, and drying at 60° C., a white polymer was obtained.

The polymer was analyzed by ¹³C-NMR, ¹H-NMR, and GPC, with theanalytical data shown below.

Copolymer Composition (Molar Ratio)

-   -   3-ethyl-3-exo-tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodecanyl        methacrylate:Monomer        1:indene:4-hydroxystyrene=0.23:0.30:0.10:0.37    -   Mw=8,600    -   Mw/Mn=1.79

This is designated Polymer 2.

Synthesis Example 3

A 2-L flask was charged with 6.2 g of methylcyclohexyl methacrylate, 5.9g of Monomer 1, 1.7 g of acenaphthylene, 6.0 g of 4-acetoxystyrene, and40 g of tetrahydrofuran as solvent. The reactor was cooled to −70° C. ina nitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuum evacuation and nitrogen blowwere repeated three times. The reactor warmed up to room temperaturewhereupon 1.2 g of AIBN was added as a polymerization initiator. Thereactor was heated at 60° C. and reaction run for 15 hours. The reactionsolution was precipitated from 1 L of isopropyl alcohol. The resultingwhite solid was collected by filtration and dissolved again in a mixtureof 100 mL of methanol and 200 mL of tetrahydrofuran, to which 10 g oftriethylamine and 10 g of water were added. Deprotection reaction ofacetyl group was conducted at 70° C. for 5 hours, followed byneutralization with acetic acid. The reaction solution was concentratedand dissolved in 100 mL of acetone. By similar precipitation,filtration, and drying at 60° C., a white polymer was obtained. Thepolymer was analyzed by ¹³C-NMR, ¹H-NMR, and GPC, with the analyticaldata shown below.

Copolymer Composition (Molar Ratio)

-   -   methylcyclohexyl methacrylate:Monomer        1:acenaphthylene:4-hydroxystyrene=0.25:0.30:0.10:0.35    -   Mw=9,100    -   Mw/Mn=1.87

This is designated Polymer 3.

Synthesis Example 4

A 2-L flask was charged with 8.2 g of3-ethyl-3-exo-tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodecanyl methacrylate,5.9 g of Monomer 1, 6.2 g of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl methacrylate,5.6 g of PAG Monomer 1, and 40 g of tetrahydrofuran as solvent. Thereactor was cooled to −70° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuumevacuation and nitrogen blow were repeated three times. The reactorwarmed up to room temperature whereupon 1.2 g of AIBN was added as apolymerization initiator. The reactor was heated at 60° C. and reactionrun for 15 hours. The reaction solution was precipitated from 1 L ofisopropyl alcohol. The resulting white solid was collected by filtrationand dried in vacuum at 60° C., yielding a white polymer.

The polymer was analyzed by ¹³C-NMR, ¹H-NMR, and GPC, with theanalytical data shown below.

Copolymer Composition (Molar Ratio)

-   -   3-ethyl-3-exo-tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodecanyl        methacrylate:Monomer 1:4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl        methacrylate:PAG Monomer 1=0.30:0.30:0.30:0.10    -   Mw=7,900    -   Mw/Mn=1.72

This is designated Polymer 4.

Synthesis Example 5

A 2-L flask was charged with 5.5 g of3-ethyl-3-exo-tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodecanyl methacrylate,3.8 g of 4-tert-amyloxystyrene, 5.9 g of Monomer 1, 4.7 g of4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetramethylphenyl methacrylate, 5.6 g of PAG Monomer2, and 40 g of tetrahydrofuran as solvent. The reactor was cooled to−70° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuum evacuation andnitrogen blow were repeated three times. The reactor warmed up to roomtemperature whereupon 1.2 g of AIBN was added as a polymerizationinitiator. The reactor was heated at 60° C. and reaction run for 15hours. The reaction solution was precipitated from 1 L of isopropylalcohol. The white solid was collected by filtration and dried in vacuumat 60° C., yielding a white polymer.

The polymer was analyzed by ¹³C-NMR, ¹H-NMR, and GPC, with theanalytical data shown below.

Copolymer Composition (Molar Ratio)

-   -   3-ethyl-3-exo-tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodecanyl        methacrylate:4-tert-amyloxystyrene:Monomer        1:4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetramethylphenyl methacrylate:PAG Monomer        2=0.20:0.20:0.30:0.20:0.10    -   Mw=8,900    -   Mw/Mn=1.89

This is designated Polymer 5.

Synthesis Example 6

A 2-L flask was charged with 5.2 g of 1-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-methylethylmethacrylate, 2.9 g of 4-tert-amyloxystyrene, 3.9 g of Monomer 1, 4.4 gof 4-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenyl methacrylate, 11.0 g of PAG Monomer3, and 40 g of tetrahydrofuran as solvent. The reactor was cooled to−70° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuum evacuation andnitrogen blow were repeated three times. The reactor warmed up to roomtemperature whereupon 1.2 g of AIBN was added as a polymerizationinitiator. The reactor was heated at 60° C. and reaction run for 15hours. The reaction solution was precipitated from 1 L of isopropylalcohol. The white solid was collected by filtration and dried in vacuumat 60° C., yielding a white polymer. The polymer was analyzed by¹³C-NMR, ¹H-NMR, and GPC, with the analytical data shown below.

Copolymer Composition (Molar Ratio)

-   -   1-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-methylethyl        methacrylate:4-tert-amyloxystyrene:Monomer        1:4-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenyl methacrylate:PAG Monomer        3=0.20:0.15:0.30:0.20:0.15    -   Mw=9,900    -   Mw/Mn=1.78

This is designated Polymer 6.

Synthesis Example 7

A 2-L flask was charged with 5.9 g of 1-(cyclohexyl-1-yl)-1-methylethylmethacrylate, 2.9 g of 4-cyclohexyloxymethyloxystyrene, 3.9 g of Monomer1, 3.1 g of 4-hydroxy-2,3-dimethylphenyl methacrylate, 15.0 g of PAGMonomer 4, and 40 g of tetrahydrofuran as solvent. The reactor wascooled to −70° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuum evacuationand nitrogen blow were repeated three times. The reactor warmed up toroom temperature whereupon 1.2 g of AIBN was added as a polymerizationinitiator. The reactor was heated at 60° C. and reaction run for 15hours. The reaction solution was precipitated from 1 L of isopropylalcohol. The white solid was collected by filtration and dried in vacuumat 60° C., yielding a white polymer. The polymer was analyzed by¹³C-NMR, ¹H-NMR, and GPC, with the analytical data shown below.

Copolymer Composition (Molar Ratio)

-   -   1-(cyclohexyl-1-yl)-1-methylethyl        methacrylate:4-cyclohexyloxymethyloxystyrene:Monomer        1:4-hydroxy-2,3-dimethylphenyl methacrylate:PAG Monomer        4=0.20:0.15:0.30:0.15:0.20    -   Mw=8,100    -   Mw/Mn=1.89

This is designated Polymer 7.

Synthesis Example 8

A 2-L flask was charged with 5.2 g of 1-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-methylethylmethacrylate, 2.9 g of 4-tert-amyloxystyrene, 4.3 g of Monomer 2, 3.1 gof 4-hydroxy-2,3-dimethylphenyl methacrylate, 15.0 g of PAG Monomer 4,and 40 g of tetrahydrofuran as solvent. The reactor was cooled to −70°C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereupon vacuum evacuation and nitrogenblow were repeated three times. The reactor warmed up to roomtemperature whereupon 1.2 g of AIBN was added as a polymerizationinitiator. The reactor was heated at 60° C. and reaction run for 15hours. The reaction solution was precipitated from 1 L of isopropylalcohol. The white solid was collected by filtration and dried in vacuumat 60° C., yielding a white polymer.

The polymer was analyzed by ¹³C-NMR, ¹H-NMR, and GPC, with theanalytical data shown below.

Copolymer Composition (Molar Ratio)

-   -   1-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-methylethyl        methacrylate:4-tert-amyloxystyrene:Monomer        2:4-hydroxy-2,3-dimethylphenyl methacrylate:PAG Monomer        4=0.20:0.15:0.30:0.15:0.20    -   Mw=8,900    -   Mw/Mn=1.79

This is designated Polymer 8.

Comparative Synthesis Example 1

A polymer was synthesized by the same procedure as above.

Copolymer Composition (Molar Ratio)

-   -   3-ethyl-3-exo-tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodecanyl        methacrylate:tetrahydro-2-oxofuran-3-yl        methacrylate:4-hydroxyphenyl methacrylate=0.30:0.40:0.30    -   Mw=10,200    -   Mw/Mn=1.99

This is designated Comparative Polymer 1.

Comparative Synthesis Example 2

A polymer was synthesized by the same procedure as above.

Copolymer Composition (Molar Ratio)

-   -   3-ethyl-3-exo-tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodecanyl        methacrylate:4-hydroxyphenyl        methacrylate:3-oxo-2,7-dioxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(4,8)]nonan-9-yl        methacrylate:PAG Monomer 1=0.30:0.20:0.40:0.10    -   Mw=7,300    -   Mw/Mn=1.88

This is designated Comparative Polymer 2.

Comparative Synthesis Example 3

A polymer was synthesized by the same procedure as above.

Copolymer Composition (Molar Ratio)

-   -   3-ethyl-3-exo-tetracyclo[4.4.0.1^(2,5).1^(7,10)]dodecanyl        methacrylate:2-oxooxolan-3-yl        methacrylate:4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl methacrylate:PAG        Monomer 1=0.30:0.30:0.30:0.10    -   Mw=9,900    -   Mw/Mn=1.79

This is designated Comparative Polymer 3.

Examples and Comparative Examples

Positive resist compositions were prepared by dissolving each of thepolymers synthesized above and selected components in a solvent inaccordance with the recipe shown in Table 1, and filtering through afilter having a pore size of 0.2 μm. The solvent contained 100 ppm of asurfactant FC-4430 (3M Sumitomo Co., Ltd.).

The components in Table 1 are as identified below.

-   Polymers 1 to 8: polymers synthesized in Synthesis Examples 1 to 8-   Comparative Polymers 1 to 3:    -   polymers synthesized in Comparative Synthesis Examples 1 to 3-   Organic solvents: propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA)    -   propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME)    -   cyclohexanone (CyH)    -   gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)-   Acid generator: PAG1-   Basic compound: Amine 1

The structural formulae of these components are shown below.

EB Writing Test

Using a coater/developer system Clean Track Mark 5 (Tokyo ElectronLtd.), the positive resist composition was spin coated onto a siliconsubstrate (diameter 6 inches, vapor primed with hexamethyldisilazane(HMDS)) and pre-baked on a hot plate at 110° C. for 60 seconds to form aresist film of 100 nm thick. Using a system HL-800D (Hitachi Ltd.) at aHV voltage of 50 kV, the resist film was exposed imagewise to EB in avacuum chamber.

Using Clean Track Mark 5, immediately after the imagewise exposure, theresist film was baked (PEB) on a hot plate at the temperature shown inTable 1 for 60 seconds and puddle developed in a 2.38 wt % TMAH aqueoussolution for 30 seconds to form a positive pattern.

Resolution is a minimum size at the exposure dose (sensitivity) thatprovides a 1:1 resolution of a 100-nm line-and-space pattern. The 100-nmline-and-space pattern was measured for line width roughness (LWR) underSEM.

The resist composition is shown in Table 1 together with the sensitivityand resolution of EB lithography.

TABLE 1 Acid Basic Organic PEB Polymer generator compound solvent temp.Sensitivity Resolution LWR (pbw) (pbw) (pbw) (pbw) (° C.) (μC/cm²) (nm)(nm) Example 1-1 Polymer 1 PAG1 Amine1 PGMEA(1,500) 90 29.1 75 6.8 (100)(20) (1.0) CyH(200) 1-2 Polymer 2 PAG1 Amine1 PGMEA(1,500) 95 34.5 756.8 (100) (20) (1.0) CyH(200) 1-3 Polymer 3 PAG1 Amine1 PGMEA(1,500) 9527.7 75 6.6 (100) (20) (1.0) CyH(200) 1-4 Polymer 4 — Amine1 PGMEA(500)95 28.6 70 4.2 (100) (0.8) CyH(1,450) PGME(50) 1-5 Polymer 5 — Amine1PGMEA(500) 95 29.1 70 4.1 (100) (0.8) CyH(1,450) PGME(50) 1-6 Polymer 6— Amine1 PGMEA(500) 90 29.5 70 4.3 (100) (0.8) CyH(1,450) PGME(50) 1-7Polymer 7 — Amine1 PGMEA(500) 90 29.7 70 4.2 (100) (0.8) CyH(1,450)PGME(50) 1-8 Polymer 8 — Amine1 PGMEA(1600) 90 30.6 70 4.6 (100) (0.8)GBL(400) Comparative 1-1 Comparative PAG1 Amine1 PGMEA(1,500) 90 23.8 908.9 Example Polymer 1 (12) (1.0) CyH(200) (100) 1-2 Comparative — Amine1PGMEA(1,500) 90 30.5 80 6.1 Polymer 2 (1.0) CyH(200) (100) 1-3Comparative — Amine1 PGMEA(1,500) 85 33.5 80 6.8 Polymer 3 (1.0)CyH(200) (100)

EUV Exposure Test

A positive resist composition was prepared by dissolving each of thepolymers synthesized above and selected components in a solvent inaccordance with the recipe shown in Table 2, and filtering through afilter having a pore size of 0.2 μm. The resist composition was spincoated on a silicon substrate (diameter 4 inches, HMDS vapor primed) andprebaked on a hot plate at 105° C. for 60 seconds to form a resist filmof 40 nm thick. EUV exposure was performed by dipole illumination at NA0.3.

Immediately after the exposure, the resist film was baked (PEB) on a hotplate at the temperature shown in Table 2 for 60 seconds and puddledeveloped with a 2.38 wt % TMAH aqueous solution for 30 seconds to forma positive pattern.

Resolution is a minimum size at the exposure dose (sensitivity) thatprovides a 1:1 resolution of a 30-nm line-and-space pattern. The 25-nmline-and-space pattern was measured for LWR under SEM.

The resist composition is shown in Table 2 together with the sensitivityand resolution of EUV lithography.

TABLE 2 Acid Basic Organic PEB Polymer generator compound solvent temp.Sensitivity Resolution LWR (pbw) (pbw) (pbw) (pbw) (° C.) (mJ/cm²) (nm)(nm) Example Polymer 6 — Amine1 PGMEA(1,000) 90 23 18 3.6 2-1 (100)(1.4) CyH(2,000) PGME(500) Comparative Comparative — Amine1 PGMEA(1,000)85 26 22 5.1 Example Polymer 3 (1.4) CyH(2,000) 2-1 (100) PGME(500)

It is evident from Tables 1 and 2 that the resist compositions using theinventive polymers having recurring units of furaneol estercopolymerized therein meet satisfactory resolution, sensitivity and edgeroughness. By further copolymerizing an acid generator therein, moreimprovements in resolution and edge roughness are attained.

Japanese Patent Application No. 2014-011330 is incorporated herein byreference.

Although some preferred embodiments have been described, manymodifications and variations may be made thereto in light of the aboveteachings. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may bepracticed otherwise than as specifically described without departingfrom the scope of the appended claims.

1. A positive resist composition comprising a polymer comprisingrecurring units having a carboxyl and/or phenolic hydroxyl groupsubstituted with an acid labile group and recurring units (a) having afuraneol ester, represented by the general formula (1), and having aweight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 500,000 as a base resin,

wherein R¹ is hydrogen or methyl, R² is methyl or ethyl, and X is asingle bond, a C₁-C₁₂ linking group having an ester radical, etherradical or lactone ring, phenylene group or naphthylene group.
 2. Theresist composition of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises recurringunits (a) and acid labile group-substituted recurring units (b1) and/or(b2), as represented by the general formula (2):

wherein R¹, R² and X are as defined above, R⁶ and R⁵ each are hydrogenor methyl, R⁴ and R⁸ each are an acid labile group, R⁶ is a single bondor a straight or branched C₁-C₆ alkylene group, R⁷ is hydrogen,fluorine, trifluoromethyl, cyano, or straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₆alkyl group, p is 1 or 2, q is an integer of 0 to 4, Y¹ is a singlebond, a C₁-C₁₂ linking group having an ester radical, ether radical orlactone ring, phenylene group or naphthylene group, Y² is a single bond,—C(═O)—O— or —C(═O)—NH—, a, b1 and b2 are numbers in the range: 0<a<1.0,0≦b1<1.0, 0≦b2<1.0, 0<b1+b2<1.0, and 0.1≦a+b1+b2≦1.0.
 3. The resistcomposition of claim 2 wherein the polymer further comprises recurringunits (c) having an adhesive group selected from the class consisting ofhydroxyl, carboxyl, lactone ring, carbonate, thiocarbonate, carbonyl,cyclic acetal, ether, ester, sulfonic acid ester, cyano, amide, and—O—C(═O)-G- wherein G is sulfur or NH and c is a number in the range:0<c≦0.9 and 0.2≦a+b1+b2+c≦1.0.
 4. The resist composition of claim 3wherein in addition to the recurring units (a), (b1) and/or (b2), and(c), the polymer further comprises recurring units of at least one typeselected from sulfonium salt units (d1) to (d3) represented by thegeneral formula (3):

wherein R²⁰, R²⁴, and R²⁸ each are hydrogen or methyl, R²¹ is a singlebond, phenylene, —O—R—, or —C(═O)—Y⁰—R—, Y⁰ is oxygen or NH, R is astraight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₆ alkylene group, alkenylene orphenylene group, which may contain a carbonyl, ester, ether or hydroxylradical, R²², R²³, R²⁵, R²⁶, R²⁷, R²⁹, R³⁰, and R³¹ are eachindependently a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group whichmay contain a carbonyl, ester or ether radical, or a C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₇-C₂₀aralkyl, or thiophenyl group, Z⁰ is a single bond, methylene, ethylene,phenylene, fluorophenylene, —O—R³²—, or —C(═O)—Z¹—R³²—, Z¹ is oxygen orNH, R³² is a straight, branched or cyclic C₁-C₆ alkylene group,alkenylene or phenylene group, which may contain a carbonyl, ester,ether or hydroxyl radical, M⁻ is a non-nucleophilic counter ion, d1, d2and d3 are in the range: 0<d1≦0.5, 0≦d2≦0.5, 0≦d3≦0.5, 0<d1+d2+d3≦0.5,and 0.2≦a+b1+b2+c+d1+d2+d3≦1.0.
 5. The resist composition of claim 1,further comprising an organic solvent and an acid generator, thecomposition being a chemically amplified resist composition.
 6. Theresist composition of claim 5, further comprising a basic compoundand/or a surfactant as an additive.
 7. A pattern forming processcomprising the steps of applying the positive resist composition ofclaim 1 onto a substrate to form a coating, baking, exposing the coatingto high-energy radiation, and developing the exposed coating in adeveloper.
 8. The process of claim 7 wherein the high-energy radiationis i-line, KrF excimer laser, ArF excimer laser, electron beam or softX-ray having a wavelength of 3 to 15 nm.